Kw¤úDUvi wK?
Computer Fundamental
Computer kãwUi mvaviY A_© n‡”Q MYK hš¿| j¨vwUb kã Compute †_‡K Bs‡iRx Computer k‡ãi DrcwË|
Compute kãwUi A_© MYbv ev wnmve wbKvk Kiv| Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ g~jZt †hvM, we‡qvM, ¸Y, fvM BZ¨vw` Kvhv©ejx
m¤úv`b Kiv hvq| wKš‘ eZ©gvb hy‡M Kw¤úDUv‡ii eûgyLx e¨env‡ii d‡j Kw¤úDUv‡ii ms½v A‡bK e¨vcKZv jvf K‡i‡Q|
†Kvb mxwgZ ms½v w`‡q Avi Kw¤úDUvi‡K MÛxe× Kiv hvq bv|
Who Is The Inventor Of Computer?
Kw¤úDUvi -Gi Avwe®‹viK ‡K?
wewkó weÁvbx weªwUk MwYZwe` Pvj©m e¨v‡eR AvaywbK Kw¤úDUv‡ii g~jbxwZ wbav©iY K‡ib| ‰eÁvwbK cÖhyw³i Afv‡e e¨v‡e‡Ri
GB g~jbxwZ ev¯—evqb Kiv m¤¢e nqwb| ZeyI Zvui GB hyMvš—Kvix wPš—vfvebv Ges cÖ‡Póvi Rb¨ Zvu‡K AvaywbK Kw¤úDUv‡ii
RbK ejv nq| 1887 mv‡j Wv³vi nvigvb n‡jwi_ Av‡gwiKvi Av`gïgvixi KvR `ª“Z m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ Pvj©m e¨v‡e‡Ri
g~jbxwZ wb‡q M‡elbv ïi“ K‡ib| c‡i 1911 mv‡j `yÕwU wfbœ ‡Kv¤úvbxi mn‡hvMxZvq wZwb KgwcDwUs, †Uey‡jwUs I †iKwW©s
†Kv¤úvbx cÖwZôv K‡ib| hv c‡i wek¦ weL¨vZ IBM (International Business Machine) -G iƒcvš—wiZ nq|
Computer Structure:
Kw¤úDUvi Gi MVb cÖbvjxt
Computer g~jZt wZbwU As‡k wef³| †hgb t
1. Input Device. D`vniYt Kx †evW©, gvDm, Rqw÷K, MÖvwd· c¨vW, ¯‹vbvi BZ¨vw`|
2. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
3. Output Device. D`vniYt gwbUi, wcÖ›Uvi, w¯úKvi cÖf„wZ|
MvwbwZK hyw³ Ask
BbcyU -----------^----------- AvDUcyU
‡m›Uªvj BDwbU --- >
wWfvBm
-----------^-----------
¯§„wZ GjvKv
Deference Between Computer & Human Being:
Kw¤úDUvi I gvby‡li g‡a¨ cv_©K¨t
wWfvBm
Kw¤úDUvi I gvby‡li g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ n‡jv Kw¤úDUvi †h †Kvb Kv‡Ri djvdj AwZ `ª“Z MwZ‡Z cÖ`k©b K‡i| wKš‘ gvbyl Zv cv‡i
bv| Zv m‡Ë¡I gvbyl Kw¤úDUv‡ii †P‡q eyw×gvb| Kvib Kw¤úDUvi gvby‡li nv‡Z Mov GKwU B‡jKUªwb· hš¿| Zvi †P‡q eo
KviY n‡jv Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbR¯^ †Kvb eyw× †bB| gvbyl hw` Zvi ¯§„wZ ev †g‡gvix‡Z md&UIqvi †mU K‡i †`q Zvn‡j †m H
md&UIqv‡ii mvnvh¨ wb‡q Avgv‡`i mvg‡b Z_¨ cÖ`vb Ki‡e| Zvi †ekx ev Kg Ki‡e bv|
Classification Of Computer:
Kw¤úDUvi Gi MVb cÖbvjxt
MVb I D‡Ïk¨ †f‡` Kw¤úDUvi‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_vt
Analog Computer
Digital Computer
GQvov Dc‡iv³ `yB ai‡Yi Kw¤úDUvi Gi mswgkª‡b Av‡iKwU Kw¤úDUvi ˆZix n‡q‡Q| Gi bvg Hybrid Computer|
Note : wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi‡K Avevi Pvi fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| h_vt 1. mycvi Kw¤úDUvi 2. †gBb‡d«g Kw¤úDUvi
3. wgwb‡d«g Kw¤úDUvi 4. gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUvi ev, cv‡m©vbvj Kw¤úDUvi| wb‡P Gi m¤ú‡K© Zz‡j aiv nj|
Classification Of Digital Computer:
wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi Gi MVb cÖbvjxt
Super Computer. D`vniYt fvi‡Zi wbR¯^ ˆZix K…Z mycvi Kw¤úDUvi ÔcigÕ| GQvov i‡q‡Qt Cray-1, Cyber-205.
Mainframe Computer. D`vniYt UNIVAC 1100/11, IBM 6120, NCR N8370, IBM 4341.
Miniframe Computer. D`vniYt PDP 11, NOV A3, IBM S/34, IBM S/36.
Micro Computer. D`vniYt eZ©gv‡b Avgiv †h me Kw¤úDUvi †`wL Zvi meB n‡”Q gvB‡µv ev, cv‡m©vbvj Kw¤úDUvi|
G‡`i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q : Apple 64, IBM PC, TRS 80 cÖf„wZ| Measurement Of Data Of The Computer:
Computer -Gi Z_¨ cwigv‡ci GKKt
Computer Fundamental
evBbvix bv¤^vi c×wZ‡Z e¨eüZ AsK 0 (ïb¨) Ges 1 (GK) ‡K Bit e‡j| Bs‡iRx Binary k‡ãi Bi I Digit k‡ãi t wb‡q
Bit kãwU ˆZix n‡q‡Q| Kw¤úDUvi ¯§„wZ‡Z iw¶Z 0 I 1 Gi †KvW w`‡q wewfbœ Z_¨ msiw¶Z _v‡K| G Kvi‡Y Kw¤úDUv‡ii
¯§„wZi aviY ¶gZvi ¶y`ª GKK wnmv‡e Bit kãwU e¨eüZ nq| Kw¤úDUvi GB 0 I 1 Øviv †h we‡kl c×wZ‡Z Kw¤úUv‡ii KvR
K‡i Zv‡K Kw¤úUv‡ii hvwš¿K fvlv ejv nq|
Bit, Byte, KB,MB,GB Ges Gi g‡a¨ m¤úK©t
Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¯§„wZ‡Z weU, evBU ev Kw¤úDUv‡ii kã avi‡Yi msL¨v Øviv aviY ¶gZv wb‡`©k Kiv hvq| mvavibZt evBU w`‡q
¯§„wZi aviY ¶gZv cÖKvk Kiv nq| Z‡e ejv `iKvi †h weU n‡”Q Kw¤úUv‡ii msL¨v c×wZi ¶z`ªZg GKK| G‡`i g‡a¨ m¤ú©K
wb‡P Zz‡j aiv njt
8 Bit
= 1 Byte
1024 Byte = 1 Kilobyte(KB) [1 Byte = 1 Character]
1024 Kilobyte = 1 Megabyte (MB)
1024 Megabyte = 1 Gigabyte (GB)
1024 Gigabyte = 1 Terabyte (TB)
How Many Parts Of A Computer?
Kw¤úDUvi Gi KqwU Ask I wK wK?
There are two parts of a Computert
Hardware:
Kw¤úDUv‡ii mKj cÖKvi hš¿ ev, hš¿vsk‡K Hardware (nvW©Iq¨vi) ejv nq|
Software :
wb®cÖvb nvW©Iq¨vi‡K Kvh©¶g K‡i mwµq K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ ‡cÖvMÖvgB n‡”Q mdUIq¨vi|
What Is Memory?
¯§„wZ wK?
gvby‡li g‡Zv Kw¤úDUv‡iiI †g‡gvix ev, ¯§„wZ i‡q‡Q| Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¯§„wZ‡K `yB fv‡M ch©vwqZ Kiv hvq| h_vt
1. cÖavb ¯§„wZ (Main memory) †hgbt RAM, ROM|
2. mnvqK ¯§„wZ (Auxiliary memory) †hgbt d¬wc wW‡¯‹U, nvW©wW¯‹, Kgc¨v± wW¯‹ cÖf„wZ|
What Is RAM?
i¨vg wK?
RAM (Random Access Memory) GKwU A¯’vqx (Volatile) ¯§„wZ fvÛvi | Input Device n‡Z mKj cÖKvi Z_¨
RAM G Rgv nq| cÖavb ¯§„wZi G As‡k hLb ZLb bZzb Z_¨ †jLv hvq, Z_¨ cov hvq Ges B”Qv Ki‡j Z_¨ mg~n gy‡Q †djv
hvq| RAM -Gi Z_¨ cov I †jLv Dfq KvRB m¤úv`b Kiv hvq e‡j G‡K wjLb cVb ¯§wZI (Read Write Memory)
ejv n‡q _v‡K| we`y¨r mieivn eÜ n‡j RAM G iw¶Z mKj Z_¨ gy‡Q hvq| ZvB G‡K A¯’vqx ¯§„wZ wnmv‡e AwfwnZ Kiv
nq|
What Is ROM?
ig wK?
ROM (Read Only Memory) GKwU ¯’vqx (Non Volatile) ¯§„wZ fvÛvi| cÖavb ¯§„wZi GB AskwU ¯’vqx, AcwieZ©bxq I
AaŸsmvZ¡K ¯§„wZ| Computer -G we`y¨r mieivn eÜ K‡i w`‡jI GB ¯§„wZ‡Z iw¶Z Z_¨ gy‡Q hvq bv| ROM -G bZzb wKQy
ms‡hvRb, ms‡kvab ev cwieZ©b Kiv hvq bv| GB As‡k wjwLZ Z_¨ ïaygvÎ cov hvq, wKš‘ †jLv hvq bv| ZvB G‡K ¯’vqx ¯§„wZ
wnmv‡e AwfwnZ Kiv nq|
What Is Disk?
wW¯‹ wK?
Computer Gi hveZxq Z_¨ msi¶Y Kivi Avavi †K Disk e‡j|
Disk `yB ai‡bi n‡q _v‡K| †hgbt
1. Floppy Disk
2. Hard Disk.
GQvovI evRv‡i AviI GK ai‡bi Disk cvIqv hvq hvi bvg Compact Disk (CD).
wW¯‹ Gi aviY ¶gZv wbæwjwLZ:
Computer Fundamental
Floppy Disk:
1.44 Megabyte (MB) [ For 31/2 Floppy Disk ]
Compact Disk: 150 Megabyte (MB) †_‡K 800 Megabyte (MB)
Hard Disk:
DVD Disk:
15 Gigabyte (GB) †_‡K 800 Gigabyte (GB)
700 Megabyte (MB) †_‡K 12 Gigabyte (GB)
What Is Operating System?
Operating System wK?
Operate (Pvjv‡bv) ‡_‡K Operating k‡ãi DrcwË| k‡ãi AvwfavwbK A_© n‡jv cwiPvjbv Kiv| Avi System k‡ãi A_© n‡jv c×wZ|
Operating System ej‡Z Kw¤úDUvi cwiPvjbv Kivi c×wZ‡K eySvq| Operating System ej‡Z cwiPvjbv Kiv eySvq bv| hLbB
Avgiv †Kvb Kw¤úDUvi Pvjy Ki‡Z hvB Zvi c~‡e© Avgv‡`i‡K Rvb‡Z n‡e Kw¤úDUv‡i Operating System Av‡Q wKbv| †Kbbv Operating
System Kw¤úDUv‡ii mg¯— Ask wbqš¿b K‡i| Zvjve× GKwU N‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z n‡j ‡hgb Pvwei cÖ‡qvRb nq, bv n‡j XyKv m¤¢e bq|
†Zgwb fv‡e Kw¤úDUvi Pvjv‡Z cÖ‡qvRb nq Operating System. †hgbt DB‡ÛvR, BDwb·, wjbv·, g¨vK IGm, cvIqvi I‡cb
cÖf„wZ|
What Is Startup Disk?
÷vU© Avc wW¯‹ wK?
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷gi ‡hme dvBj †jvwWs Gi gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUvi Pvjy nq †m¸‡jv n‡”Q ÷vU© Avc dvBj| Ges Kw¤úDUv‡ii †h
¯§„wZ‡Z GB ÷vU© Avc dvBj¸‡jv msiw¶Z _v‡K Zv n‡”Q Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g| mvavibZ GUI B›Uvi‡dm mg„× DB‡Ûv‡Ri
÷vU©Avc wW¯‹ wn‡m‡e nvW©wW¯‹ Ges Dos ‡gv‡Wi Rb¨ ÷vU© Avc wW‡¯‹U wn‡m‡e d¬wc wW¯‹ e¨eüZ nq|
What Is Windows?
Windows wK?
Windows n‡jv Microsoft Corporation KZ…©K evRviRvZK…Z GKwU kw³kvjx Operating System. Windows Operating
System -Gi Aax‡b A‡bK¸‡jv Application Software _v‡K hv †m cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K| DOS (Disk Operating System)
-Gi Aax‡b †h me Application Software _v‡K †m¸‡jv Avgiv DOS Command Gi gva¨‡g cwiPvjbv Kwi| DOS
Command -Gi RwUjZv `~i Kivi Rb¨ Microsoft Corporation Windows Operating System wU †ei K‡ib| GLv‡b
Application Software ¸‡jv cwiPvjbvmn mKj KvR Mouse I Keyboard Gi mgš^‡q Lye mn‡R Kiv hvq|
Various Types Of Windows Operating System’s Verson:
Windows Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi fvm©‡bi wewfbœZvt
Av‡MB ejv n‡q‡Q DB‡ÛvR GKwU kw³kvjx Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g| ïay ZvB bq GwU †hgb BDRvi †d«‡Ûjx †Zgwb eûj e¨eüZ
GKwU Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g| GwUi wewfbœ fvm©b i‡q‡Q| ‡hgbt Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows ME. eZ©gv‡b
bZzb e¨eüZ DB‡ÛvR n‡”Q Windows XP. GQvovI ‡bUIqvwK©s Gi Rb¨ e¨eüZ Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g nj Windows NT.
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi wfbœZvi `i“b G‡K bvbv ai‡bi fvm©‡b fvM Kiv nq| DB‡ÛvR 95 Gi Av‡Mi Kvi Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g ¸‡jv
wQj 16 we‡Ui| Gici 95, 98, 2000, Gg B, GbwU GB ms¯‹iY ¸wj wQj 32 we‡Ui| eZ©gv‡b DB‡ÛvR G·wc evRv‡i
Av‡Q| GwU 64 we‡Ui Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g Ges Ab¨vb¨ Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g¸‡jvi †P‡q me©v‡c¶v †ekx cvidi‡gÝ w`‡Z m¶g|
gvB‡µvmdU cieZ©x‡Z DB‡ÛvR jsnb© GwWkb evRv‡i Qvoevi c`‡¶c wb‡”Q|
What is Computer’s Booting Process?
Kw¤úDUv‡ii eywUs cÖ‡mm wK?
Computer Fundamental
Kw¤úDUvi Ab Kivi ci †h Kvj ¯Œx‡b Kw¤úDUv‡ii nvW©Iq¨vi I Ab¨vb¨ m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ Z_¨ Avm‡Z _v‡K ZvB
Kw¤úDUv‡ii eywUs cÖ‡mm| GB mg‡q ÷vU© Avc wW¯‹ n‡Z Z_¨ i¨v‡g P‡j Av‡m Ges ev‡qvm, Autoexec.bat, Config.sys
BZ¨vw` dvBj¸‡jv †jvW nq|
How To Start A Computer?
Kw¤úDUvi Pvjy Kiv hvq wKfv‡e?
cÖ_‡g Kw¤úDUv‡ii we`y¨r mieiv‡ni hveZxq jvBb wVK Av‡Q wKbv Zv †`‡L myBP Ab Ki‡Z n‡e|
GLb Casing Box Gi Power Switch evU‡b wUc w`‡q Kw¤úDUvi ON Ki‡Z n‡e|
wKQy¶Y A‡c¶v Kivi ci KZ¸‡jv Folder/Icon mn Windows Desktop Screen cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
Introducing on Windows Screen:
DB‡ÛvR Gi ¯Œxb cwiwPwZt
c~‡e©B ejv n‡q‡Q Kw¤úDUv‡ii Power On K‡i we`y¨r ms‡hvM mva‡bi ci hw` Kw¤úDUviwU Windows Operating
System Gi gva¨‡g P‡j Z‡e Aí¶‡bi g‡a¨ Avcwb DB‡Ûv‡Ri Screen ‡`L‡Z cv‡eb| Z‡e Avcbv‡K Rvb‡Z n‡e DB‡ÛvR
¯Œx‡bi †ek wKQy ˆewkó¨ i‡q‡Q| hv †`L‡jB Avcbv‡K eyS‡Z n‡e Kw¤úDUv‡ii GwU Windows Operating System Gi
¯Œxb Ges KvR m¤úv`b Kivi Rb¨ mew`K †_‡K cÖ¯‘Z|
DB‡Ûv ¯Œx‡bi GB ˆewkó¨ ¸wj wb‡gœ Zz‡j aiv njt
My Computer t ¯Œx‡bi hveZxq AvBKb ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ My Computer GKwU| GwU w`‡q Kw¤úDUv‡ii nvW©wW‡¯‹i WªvBf
¸‡jv‡K cÖ‡ek Kiv mn dvBj, †cÖvMÖvg BZ¨vw` I‡cb Kiv hvq|
My Documents t wWdvë †mwUs wn‡m‡e GB AvBKbwU ¯Œx‡bi My Computer Gi wb‡PB Ae¯’vb K‡i| Gi g‡a¨
Avgiv †h me Document RwbZ Kvh©vejx m¤úv`b Kwi Zv G‡m Rgv nq|
Recycle Bin t ¯Œx‡bi Ab¨vb¨ AvBKb¸‡jvi mv‡_ Recycle Bin bv‡gI GKwU AvBKb _v‡K| Bnv Kw¤úDUv‡ii Wvóweb
wn‡m‡e f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| Avgiv A‡bK mgq Avgv‡`i AcÖ‡qvRbxq dvBj ¸‡jv gy‡Q †dwj| Zv G‡m GLv‡b Rgv nq| Gici
Recycle Bin Empty Kivi gva¨‡g dvBj ¸‡jv Kw¤úDUvi n‡Z wPiZ‡i gy‡Q w`‡Z nq| wimvB‡Kj web n‡Z GKevi
gy‡Q †djv dvBj Avi KLbI †diZ Av‡m bv|
Taskbar t Windows ¯Œx‡bi wb‡Pi w`‡K AbyfywgKfv‡e (Horizontally) we`¨gvb Ber wUi bvg Windows Task
Bar. Bnv A‡b‡Ki Kv‡Q Avevi ÷vUvm evi wn‡m‡eI cwiwPZ| Gi mevi Wvb w`‡K _‡K U¨v¯‹ AvBKb| Kw¤úDUvi Pvjy nevi
mg‡qB G¸‡jv †jvW nq| Gi mv‡_ Kw¤úDUv‡ii NwoI Ae¯’vb K‡i| Gi Øviv eZ©gvb mgq Rbv hvq|
Start Button t Windows Taskbar Gi evg w`‡K Ò STARTÓ †jLv GKwU evUb cv‡eb| Gi Øviv Operating
System Gi †h‡Kvb Kvh© m¤úv`b Kiv hvq| Kw¤úDUv‡i Bb÷j Kiv ‡cÖvMÖvgI Gi Øviv Pvjy Kiv hvq| ÷vU© †gby‡Z †h‡q
Avcwb †h Ackb †`L‡Z cv‡ib †m¸‡jv n‡”Q Shutdown, Run, Search/Find cÖf„wZ| Avi mve‡gby¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cv‡eb
Programs, Documents, Settings cÖf„wZ| Z‡e DB‡ÛvR G·wc‡Z wKQyUv wfbœZv j¶¨ Kiv hvq| Using of Start Button:
÷vU© evU‡bi e¨envit
Computer Fundamental
Kw¤úDUv‡i Avcwb bigvj A_ev, mvBb&‡UwdK Dfq cÖKvi K¨vjKz‡jUi e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| GRb¨ gvD‡mi mvnv‡h¨
wbgœwjwLZ KvRwU Ki“b|
Opening Calculator: Start > Programs > Accessories > Calculator
Avcwb Avcbvi wjLvi Kvh©vw` Kw¤úDUv‡i IqvW©c¨vW e¨envi K‡i m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GRb¨ Avcwb wb‡Pi KvRwU Ki“b|
Opening a word processing program: Start > Programs > Accessories > WordPad
Kw¤úDUv‡i mvaviY Qwe AvuKv AuvwKi Kv†R Avcwb †cB›U ‡cÖvMÖvg e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wb‡gœ †cB›U †cÖvMÖvg †Lvjvi c×wZ †`qv
nj|
Open Paint Program: Start > Programs > Accessories > Paint
How To Create A Folder?
wKfv‡e ‡dvìvi ‰Zix Kiv hvq?
DB‡Ûv‡Z gvD‡mi Right Button Øviv wK¬K Ki“b|
New mve‡gby‡Z hvb|
Folder G wK¬K Ki“b|
‡h‡Kvb GKwU bvg w`b|
Kx †ev‡W©i Enter G Pvc w`b|
How To Delete A Folder?
wKfv‡e ‡dvìvi ‡gvQv hvq?
Folder wm‡j± Ki“b|
Press Delete Key [ Kx‡evW© †_‡K ]
Yes G wK¬K Ki“b|
Gevi †W¯‹U‡ci ¯Œxb n‡Z Recycle Bin Gi Dci gvD‡mi Right Button Øviv wK¬K Ki“b|
†h g¨v‡mR e·wU Avm‡e Zv‡Z Yes evU‡b wK¬K Ki“b|
How To View File Or Folder?
wKfv‡e dvBj ev †dvìvi Gi welqe¯‘ †`Lv hvq?
Folder wm‡j± Ki“b|
gvD‡mi Right Button Øviv wK¬K Ki“b|
Properties G hvb|
General U¨v‡e hvb|
‡`Lv †kl n‡j OK evU‡b wK¬K Ki“b|
How To Shut Down A Computer?
wKfv‡e Kw¤úDUvi eÜ Kivi hvq?
U¨v¯‹ev‡ii Start †Z wK¬K Ki“b|
Shut Down G wK¬K Ki“b|
GLb Shut Down AckbwU Choose Ki“b|
OK ‡Z wK¬K Ki“b|
AT Casing Gi †¶‡Î Ò It’s now save to turn off your computer Ó ¯ŒxbwU Avm‡j Kw¤úDUv‡ii cvIqvi myB‡P
Pvc w`‡q Kw¤úDUvi eÜ K‡i w`b| Gevi ‰e`y¨wZK †gBb myBP Ad Ki“b|
ATX Casing Gi †¶‡Î Ò It’s now save to turn off your computer Ó ¯ŒxbwU G‡m Kw¤úDUvi A‡Uv‡gwUK eÜ
n‡q hv‡e| cvIqvi myB‡P Pvc w`‡q Kw¤úDUvi eÜ K‡i w`evi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e bv| Gevi mivmwi ‰e`y¨wZK †gBb myBP Ad
Ki“b| 
No comments:
Post a Comment